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Ferrites for sensor applicatons – design and properties

Topics

Common exploited properties of Ferrites
Forming fields
Shaping ferrites
Contacting coils
Permeability μ changes with
frequency | temperature
air gap | excitation level
DC bias/magnetic fields | mechanical forces
What do you need?
Wireless power and data transfer
Less common exploited properties of Ferrites

Properties and applications of Ferrites 1

  • “collecting” and shaping of magnetic fields
    ➤ sensors, antennas, transponders
  • Increasing “inertia” of electric current
    ➤ chokes, noise suppression, filters, delay lines
  • Increase magnetic coupling of conductors
    ➤ transformers, converters, storage chokes,
    impedance matching

Antennas and Sensors

ferrites-for-sensor_1

 

Metal detection and recognition

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source: IFM

Inductive proximity switch: 
Directing and focussing magnetic field

ferrites-for-sensor_3
source: http://eddycation.de/

Non destructive Material testing: 

  • Material sorting (e.g. Coin recognition)
  • Material thickness (e.g. Coin recognition)
  • Crack detection and depth determination
  • Imaging of material faults

Dry pressing of ferrites

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Cross-section through a sintered pot core

 

pressed part before sintering

 

powder column in the mould before pressing

 

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 uneven densification
➤ strains and cracks,
particularly at the lines
where portions of
different thicknesses meet

Crack formation in pressed ferrites

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Density differences during powder pressing
➤ differing densification in thinner and thicker
areas of the part can cause
crack formation at the intersections

 

ferrites-for-sensor_7ferrites-for-sensor_8

Examples for injection molded parts

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Isotropic 3D-cube antenna 9x9x9mm

  • monolytic, hollow ferrite
  • high Q-factor, high sensitivity
  • reduction in material and weight

 

smallest customer specific designs

  • wall thickness ≥ 0,22mm,
  • volume ≥ 1mm3
  • tolerances down to +-1%

 

SMD transponder coils

  • high Q-factor, high sensitivity
  • high reliabilty in vibration und drop tests

Ferrite production at NEOSID

mixing oxides main components Fe Mn Ni Zn
pre sintering homogenization and formation of the ferrite structure
milling creating a very fine powder
compounding mixing ferrite powder and binder
injection moulding 1 to 28 cavities
barrel finishing rounding edges, removing flash
sintering in air or under controlled oxygen concentration
annealing establishing an optimum domain structure
grinding tight tolerance, flat surface, round, thread grinding, CNC milling of prototypes
coating e.g. parylene, self-locking screw cores, metallization
Inspection electrical, geometrical

Contacting Technologies

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Wire wound terminal

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Metal pin terminal

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Metallized core terminal

Common competitors Metallisations

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Dipping

Dipping in silverpaste, burning in and plating

➤ low quality factor caused by eddy currents in end faces

➤ Nickel-Zink-Ferrite only

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single layer PVD

selective deposition of e.g. silver

➤ poor adhesion

➤ dissolves during soldering, does not withstand thermocompression

Metallisation from NEOSID

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3-layer PVD
selective deposition of 3 layers where whished for, no burning in

➤ reduction of eddy currents

➤ works on Manganese- and Nickel-Zink-Ferrite

➤ good adhesion

➤ withstands soldering and thermocompression

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automated 100 % optical inspection

ferrites-for-sensor_17-1serrites-for-sensor_17-2_1serrites-for-sensor_17-3serrites-for-sensor_17-4

Soft magnetic Ferrites

NiZn-Ferrites

  • μi from 10 to 2.000
  • high Q between 0 and 100 MHz
  • large electrical resistance
  • higher Tc
  • sintering in air

MnZn-Ferrites

  • μi from 700 to 20.000
  • high Q between 0 and 1 MHz
  • small electrical resistance
  • lower Tc
  • sintering under controlled atmosphere only

Influence of Frequency

ferrites-for-sensor_18

μ‘ = permeability
μ‘‘ = losses

Q = μ‘/μ‘‘

For lower losses (higher Q) at higher frequencies chose lower μ material

Influence of Temperature

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Medium and small μi

  • Very small temperature drift

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High μ

  • Almost linear temperature drift
    (can be compensated)

Very high μ materials

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Very unstable μ
 troublesome compensation

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Sources: TDK-Catalogue

Only for very low
frequency applications

Influence of air gap

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Air gap: Fraction of magnetic path not
running in ferrite material

μeff vs. % air gap for varying μi
ferrites-for-sensor_23

 

Sensing Coils are mainly open magnetic circuits
with a large air gaps (≈ 50% for a pot core).

serrites-for-sensor_2
source: IFM

The larger the air gap, the less difference in μeff
remains between high and medium μ materials.

Influence of excitation level

ferrites-for-sensor_24

Initial permeability μi is
μ measured at low excitation
levels (B < 0,5 mT)

μa changes at high excitation
levels

With open magnetic circuits
μeff << μa

B = μeff*μo*H is rather small
and sensors usually work in
stable μ regime

Influence of DC-Bias and external Fields

Inductivity of transponder-Coil vs. DC-Current
ferrites-for-sensor_25

Permeability decreases with
application of

  • DC-bias
  • external magnetic fields

 

ferrites stay stable up to a certain
level and than drop quite fast

Higher μ ferrites suffer earlier

Composites PFS4 and PFS9
drop earlier but slower

Composite Material PFS3 is
extremely stable
up to > 1000 mT

Impact of strong magnetic fields and excessive mechanical force

3 ferrite material classes

NiZn-ferrites F2a to F100b

  • Some impact, extremely slow recovery
  • complete recovery can be reached only through thermal annealing
  • a-Types (like F2a) are less sensitive

 

MnZn-ferrites F02 and F08

  • impact, but fast recovery

 

NiZn-ferrites F1ib, F1is, F5is and Composite Materials

  • hardly any impact

 

Composite materials

  • Hardly any impact
  • distributed air gap ➤ lower permeability
  • Saturation flux density > 1000 mT for PFS3
  • Tighter mechanical tolerances
  • Easy to machine

What do you need ?

High Q value at your frequency

  • wide range of ferrite materials F02 to F100
  • number in name gives maximum frequency in MHz
    for which high Q is still achieved (02 is 0.2 MHz)

 

Excelent temperature stability

  • materials F2 to F100 are your choice

 

High temperature applications

  • Materials with Curie Temperature ranging
    from 150 to 600 °C are available

 

Highest excitation levels
Large DC-Bias or strong external magnetic fields

  • PFS3 will do your job

 

Temporary Magnetic or mechanical stress

  • F1ib does not remember the torture

 

Smallest sizes, Customized shapes
Complicated geometries, Design for automation

  • Ceramic Injection Moulding of ferrites
    turns your vision into products

 

Contacting Pads, Shielding
Thermal compression of wire ends

  • Selective metallization of ferrites serves your needs

 

Medical applications

  • Parylene coating gives you coverage

 

You do not like cables and plugs

  • Wireless data and power transfer gets rid of cables

Wireless power and data transfer

Rotating scanner system

 

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serrites-for-sensor_26-2

 

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Energy transfer from primary to secondary side.

Bi-directional data transfer

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Properties and applications of Ferrites 2

Less common thought of properties of soft magnetic ferrites:

  • Magnetostriction
    ➤ Ultrasonic actuators and sensors, “invisible speakers”
  • Lossy interaction with fields from MHz to some GHz
    ➤ Inductive Heating, selective microwave heating
  • Colour and magnetics
    ➤ Copier powder
  • DC-Magnetization
    ➤ Switchable mechanical forces

 

 

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